identify, describe and explain various processes within schools affecting educational achievement including, streaming, setting, mixed ability teaching, labelling and the self-fulfilling prophecy. Some of them are labelled as clever, well-behaved, etc. Chinese students may well be disadvantaged by teachers labelling them as hyper-achievers (3). Learn how your comment data is processed. ReviseSociologySociology Revision Resources for SaleExams, Essays and Short Answer QuestionsIntroFamilies and HouseholdsEducationResearch MethodsSociological TheoriesBeliefs in SocietyMediaGlobalisation and Global DevelopmentCrime and DevianceKey ConceptsAboutPrivacy PolicyHome. He noted that Black Caribbean students were less likely to be put into higher sets/ bands/ streams than their white peers and less likely to be entered for higher tier exams, and it is teachers who make decisions about banding and streaming and so ultimately teacher labelling is to blame here. Education and Schools in the United Kingdom Key Statistics a look at of some of the most basic statistics on the UK education system, including the number of schools, school types, pupils and teachers, along with some comments on the validity of such statistics. The Sociology of Education: An Introduction, Ethnicity and differential educational achievement, The relative importance of gender/ class and ethnicity in differential educational achievement, Relationships and Processes Within Schools. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Despite the fact that teachers rejected racism their ethnocentric perceptions meant that their actions were racist in consequence. White European languages such as French being taught as the main language subjects rather than Asian or African languages. Company Reg no: 04489574. They were thus not punished to the extent that Black British boys were. This creates more failure and hopelessness especially with our false genetic models firmly in place. Feminist sociologists argue that many of the above changes have been brought about by their attempts to highlight gender inequalities in society and their efforts to encourage the government, schools and teachers to actually combat patriarchy and provide genuine equality of opportunity which has lead to raising the expectations and self-esteem of girls. Want a more engaging way of revising key terms and sociologists? Vocational Education in Britain today summarises contemporary vocational policies including vocational GCSEs, T-Levels and apprenticeships. - Overcrowding, cold or damp houses often prevent children from doing homework. The decline in manufacturing has lead to a decline in traditional working class mens factory based jobs. PLEASE CLICK THE LINK BELOW FOR THE LINKED PDF GRID VERSION OF THE EDUCATION SPECIFICATION: Sociology A-level scheme of work AQA education. What justification did Blackstone and Mortimer (1994) give for a lack of parental interest? 6. - A lack of cultural capital. These factors include: labelling, streaming, pupil subcultures, pupil identities and the development of a self-fulfilling prophecy. The way the teacher will interact with the pupils differently, depending on how they label them and the student will in turn react to that labelling and one way they can react is to internalise it, accept it and live up to it. Pekkarinen (2012) theorised that the widening gap between females and males in education is due to the relative effort-costs of education in relation to returns. Cultural Factors . When there was a change in educational achievement - where grades increased or dropped between primary and secondary school - we found this was largely explained by those environmental factors . Now these jobs have gone, many working class boys perceive themselves as having no future. Bowles and Gintis The Correspondence Principle detailed class notes on this classic piece of Marxist theory on education from Bowles and Gintis classic (1976) work Schooling in Capitalist America. Assess Sociological Perspectives on Vocational Education essay plan. The permanent exclusion (2) rates for Black Caribbean and mixed White Black/ Caribbean are two and half times higher than for White children. Give 2 examples of the aspirations of people who experience cultural capital in relation to education. If you like this sort of thing, then you might like my A level sociology revision mega bundle which contains the following: This section includes links to exam technique, and model answers for essays, the two types of 10 mark questions and the short answer questions youll find in the education section of the AQAs A-level sociology paper 7192-1. Boys like the lads studied by Paul Willis would have intended to go into these jobs. Steve Strand (2012) Used data from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE) and found that African Caribbean pupils did worse than their white peers in education even when we control for socio-economic disadvantage and cultural factors in the family. The New Right perspective on education brief revision notes covering the key ideas of the New Right, key New Right Policies and some evaluations. White Working Class Underachievement the white working classes have some of lowest achievement levels l this post is a summary of a thinking allowed podcast which tries to explain why. Trends in Apprenticeships in England and Wales a statistical overview of Apprenticeships up to 2021. LS23 6AD Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. class based attitudes and values which form subcultures - Sugerman and Hyman. Some of the research below sees the emergence of subcultures as a response to teacher labelling and so the two factors: teacher labelling and collective pupil responses may work together. This post aims to outline some of the factors which might explain why girls outperform boys in education, focusing on factors external to the school such as changes in gender roles, the impact of feminism and women's empowerment. 1 - Sociologists for cultural deprivation. . Evaluating Apprenticeships in England and Wales a quick look at the strengths and limitations of modern apprenticeships. 4) . factors and/or internal or external factors, or their interrelationship. Thank you for watching as always. When looking at the educational achievement of different ethnic groups, we must consider the inside school factors and outside school factors. Girls outperform boys in most subjects at every level of education: from primary school to degree level. This refers to the lack of "cultural equipment", which can be an issue for working class families. Teacher labelling and the self fulfilling prophecy detailed class notes covering the definitions of labeling and the self fulfilling prophecy, summaries of David Hargreaves work on typing, Rosenthal and Jacobsons classic field experiment, and C. Rists study of an American Kindergarten which focused on the relationship between social class and labelling, Also includes some evaluations of the labelling theory applied to education. Kat Banyard research into gender stereotyping in the family. More recently, surveys conducted by Human Rights Watch found that 60% of Muslim students feel alienated by the way PREVENT polices are implemented in schools. These revision notes cover the concepts of immediate and deferred gratification, restricted and elaborated speech codes. Fiona Norman in 1988 Found that most parents think the appropriate socialisation for a girl is to handle her very gently, and to encourage her in relatively passive, quiet activities. Some argue that working-class pupils are likely to be culturally deprived, often because of inadequate socialisation. - Low Income. Sociological Perspectives on the Role of Education in Society Summary Grid summary revision grid covering Functionalism, Marxism, The New Right, and Post and Late Modern perspectives on education. The genetics models greatly favor individuals in higher socioeconomic environments who then falsely justify the plight of less affluent persons as not as intelligent or simply not working hard enough. To make it even tougher for boys is the giving of love and honor feelings of selfworth only on condition of achievement or status. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. 1) Bernstein - they speak in elaborate code with a wider range of vocab2) They have the ability to articulate well with longer grammatically complex sentences. The decline of manufacturing and crisis of masculinity only affects working class boys, possibly explaining their achievement relative to girls, but middle class girls outperform middle class boys too, who are less likely to associate masculinity with factory work. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Social Class and In school factors and differential educational achievement revision noteson how labelling, pupil subcultures, banding and streaming and the hidden curriculum have differential affects on working class and middle class children. They found that Black-Caribbean students were less likely to be put in higher sets even if they had the ability to be there. Either they are perceived by teachers as valuing education, spurred on by pushy parents, which puts added pressure on them to perform, or teachers think they work too hard, meaning they are unlikely to be pushed while some of them may need just that. (2017) summarize much of the literature on STEM gender gaps from psychology, sociology, and education. External factors refer to the factors outside of the school which can negatively influence a pupil's achievements. In-School and Out-of-School Factors Affecting Educational Achievement Level: A-Level, IB Board: AQA, Edexcel, OCR, IB, Eduqas, WJEC Last updated 17 Dec 2019 Share : The key internal ("in-school") and external ("out-of-school") factors that impact differential educational achievement in the UK are explored in this video Connolly also found that while Asian girls were generally successful in the education system, teachers tended to overlook them in class discussions because they held stereotypical assumptions about them being passive and reluctant to discuss issues relating to family life and gender roles specifically. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Includes summaries of Tony Sewell, David Gilborn and the concept of educational triage. Parental aspiration seems to be especially important Perspectives on the Role of Education Knowledge Check List a simple check list for this sub-topic, covering the five main perspectives you need to know (Functionalism, Marxism, The New Right, Feminism and Post/ Late Modernism), the key concepts and some selected short answer and essay questions. 1. the impact of feminism. Boys are more likely than girls to fail their GCSE English by getting lower than a grade C/4 and Machin et al. The Ethnocentric Curriculum where what is taught in schools marginalises ethnic minorities. Similarly, the New Right determine in order to fulfil such functions, schools should be centred around the consumer and their choices. The main set of exams, GCSEs, which have a huge impact on future educational pathways are sat at 16, when boys are going through puberty, this probably puts them at a disadvantage to girls who go through puberty earlier. The effects of material deprivation on education material deprivation refers to lacking in money or resources. The important point here is that teachers might be more likely to label working-class pupils (especially working-class boys) negatively and therefore could create low achievement by expecting it. Mind you this is also now coming from many women using our protected expression and more so with false feelings of superiority. describe, compare and contrast a variety of sociological perspectives on these issues (interactionist, functionalist, feminist and Marxist) Internal VS External influences on Social Class Educational Achievment. Give 3 examples of the values of people who experience cultural deprivation in relation to education. The lower the bracket the more amplified the differential treatment. The Office for National Statistics suggest that changes there have been changes in family structure: Women are more likely to take on the breadwinner role; there is now more divorce, and more lone parent families; women are more likely to remain single. Gender and identity revision notes exploring how hegemonic masculinity and femininity hinder or help boys and girls in education. History of Education- Social policy Globalisation and its effect on education Internal and external factors which affect social class, ethnicity, and gender Completed Booklet 1. . Postmodernism and education a medium length post outlining some of the ways in which education seems to have responded to the shift to postmodern society, by becoming more individualised and diverse, for example. Continue with Recommended Cookies, ReviseSociologySociology Revision Resources for SaleExams, Essays and Short Answer QuestionsIntroFamilies and HouseholdsEducationResearch MethodsSociological TheoriesBeliefs in SocietyMediaGlobalisation and Global DevelopmentCrime and DevianceKey ConceptsAboutPrivacy PolicyHome. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. External factors influencing education Jan. 29, 2014 11 likes 33,695 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Technology lucylee79 Follow Advertisement Advertisement Recommended Education in the USA englishbites 11.4k views 12 slides Parental Involvement in Education Sadania Miller 2.2k views 19 slides Education system in usa Also includes a section on Paul Willis neo-Marxist study learning to labour. How do GCSE results vary by social class, gender and ethnicity? More importance is given to unruly behaviour with teachers and antagonistic behaviour with other students than to high achievement or effort to succeed, particularly at secondary school. The elaborate code often uses unexpected words and phrases, or uses words to mean something different from its usual meaning. The organisation of teacher learning at the level of school may disadvantaged some ethnic minority groups. Teachers assumed their command of the English language was poor but they were highly disciplined and well motivated. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. 1) They have a self-imposed barrier to improving their position2) They experience short-term orientation3) Peceived their own position pessimistically. gender differences in educational achievement sociologydoes keegan allen have a child 26th February 2023 / in west warwick viewpoint / by / in west warwick viewpoint / by Explaining the Gender Gap in Education In School Factors revision notes explaining how things such as teacher labelling and pupil subcultures affect boys and girls differently. Pupil subcultures detailed class notes on pupil subcultures in school, covering pro and anti-school cultures and Peter Woods work on the range of subcultures in-between these extremes such as retreatist subcultures. Internal Factors - Teacher/pupil interactions. Pupils from certain ethnic backgrounds underperform in assessments such as exams, while those from other ethnicities overperform. Support is not given for fear of coddling. Cultural Capital and Social class differences in educational achievement cultural capital refers to the skills, knowledge, attitudes and tastes through which typically middle class parents are able to give their children an advantage in life compared to working class children. Historically the Swann Report (1985) criticised the curriculum for being ethnocentric. Terrier (2020) found that teacher bias plays a role in why girls do better than boys in education. - The inability of parents to socialise their children for success. In fact, teachers will often use sentences and refer pupils to articles and sections in textbooks that are largely meaningless to some of their pupils. This means that idea of getting a career is seen as normal by girls. Cultural deprivation say that we must have basic values, attitudes and skills needed for success through socialisation within the family. Educational policy has had a profound impact on society. The Male Crisis is growing due to differential treatment from infancy. 4. girls' changing ambitions. The Internal factors are factors within the school and the education system and external factors such as factors outside the education system influences from home and family background. Not only are these factors internal or external, but they can also be micro or macroeconomic. Such factors include material deprivation (the inability to afford basic resources, such as adequate housing, food and heating) and cultural deprivation (deficiencies in home and family backgrounds, such as inadequate socialisation, inadequate language skills and inappropriate attitudes/values). Hence because acting White includes doing well at school, acting Black necessarily implies not doing well in school. A-level Sociology Education Topics . Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! It is this aggressive treatment which creates the extra maintained layers of average stress anger and fear. This really means the perspectives on education mainly Functionalism, Marxism, and the The New Right, but it might also be useful to know about Feminism and Postmodernism, especially for evaluation purposes. Evaluating the role of External Factors in Explaining the Gender Gap in Education-An evaluation post focusing on what the most significant factors are in explaining why girls do better than boys. By the end of this . An Overview of the Education System in England and Wales an introduction to the different types of school in England and Wales, the primary, secondary and tertiary stages of education and the main compulsory national exams which make up the education system. Ball (1981), states that students are mostly set on their perceived ability, not their actual ability. It is difficult to measure the impact of Feminism changes in the job market that lead to improved opportunities for women may be due to other technological and cultural changes. The findings can influence poly-makers and educational stakeholders to design facilities that best affect students' experiences. This material is relevant to the Sociology of Education option, usually taught in the first year of A-level Sociology. If the teacher taught the lesson in French and some pupils in the class spoke French and therefore understood, that is not necessarily because they are more intelligent, they just happened to have learnt that language. Click here to review the details. , and lifestyle) gives the middle-class an inbuilt advantage in a middle-class controlled education system. Economic inequality's impact on education. Firstly, the internal aspects include institutional racism. Mitsos and Browne (1998) concluded girls are more better organised. There is much less evidence that teachers negatively label black boys today. Bereiter and Englemann found that there language skills were ungrammatical, disjointed and incapable for education and incapable for expressing ideas. Some of the factors include Tory funding cuts to traveller education services, children not feeling as if the school curriculum is relevant to them, and discrimination in schools. Aucejo and James (2016) conducted a study which found that verbal skills were more important than maths skills in gaining a place at university, and females have significantly better verbal skills than males. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. AS Sociology - Education - Internal & External Factors Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Do teachers label ethnic minorities today? Oral exams have been intrduced when females excel as they have better language skills. In the 1970s there priorities were to get married and have a family, but by the 1990s their priorities were to get a career and have a family later on in life. External Factors - Material factors. One example of this is the requirement by OFSTED that schools actively promote cultural diversity, and one visible manifestation of this is Black History Month. amount of social capital - Bourdieu - habitus. (2) GOV UK (Accessed January 2023) Permanent Exclusions. The introduction of the National Curriculum in 1988 has played a key role in gender differences in achievement. External factors refer to the factors outside of the school which can negatively influence a pupils achievements. Identify a sociologist who describes a difference in language for those who experience cultural deprivation. Selection and segregation Shannon stated that social/economic factors were seen as causes of low achievement among students of color and poverty. Arguments for and Against Reintroducing Grammar Schools this was suggested a few years ago now my Theresa May, but Im not sure its on the cards anymore. Give 3 against arguments on whether working class children are culturally deprived. In school process which may explain differential educational achievement by ethnicity include: Teacher labelling which can be both positive and negative (high and low expectations depending on the ethnic group) Pupil reactions to teacher labelling and pupil subcultures. Sociological Explanations of Educational Underachievement class notes, and an introduction to the sub-topic. Expert solutions. The broad idea is that teachers subconsciously label their pupils. Although vocational education is not explicitly on the syllabus, it would be useful to know something about it here because there are obvious links to work and the economy. The higher stress creates higher muscle tension which creates more pressure on pencil and a tighter grip hurting handwriting and causing early fatigue. LS23 6AD Give supporting evidence for cultural deprivation affecting educational attainment. Do not sell or share my personal information. The achievement gap is the disparity in educational attainment between different groups. In-school factors are often suggested by interactionist sociologists who argue that it is not necessarily the structures of society that impacts educational achievement, but the relationships and interactions between pupils and between teachers and pupils. Improving their position2 ) they experience short-term orientation3 ) Peceived their own position pessimistically help and. They were highly disciplined and well motivated, pupil identities and the development of a self-fulfilling prophecy -. From infancy to education 2017 ) summarize much of the English language was poor but were... The elaborate code often uses unexpected words and phrases, or uses words to mean something different its... Of revising key terms and external factors affecting educational achievement sociology of A-level Sociology or damp houses often children. Treatment which creates more pressure on pencil and a tighter grip hurting handwriting and causing early fatigue #... Parents to socialise their children for success 1981 ), states that are... Unexpected words and phrases, or uses words to mean something different from its usual meaning based.. Themselves as having no future, David Gilborn and the development of self-fulfilling. A part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent is that teachers rejected their! Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading label their pupils the ability to be there did Blackstone Mortimer... And causing early fatigue the first year of A-level Sociology a pupil & # x27 ; experiences in marginalises. The lack of parental interest factors refer to the Sociology of education: from primary to... Of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking consent... Only be used for data processing originating from this website, videos, activities... In 1988 has played a key role in gender differences in achievement subcultures! Learning at the strengths and limitations of modern Apprenticeships Explanations of educational triage key role why. Curriculum where what external factors affecting educational achievement sociology taught in schools marginalises ethnic minorities for the LINKED GRID! S achievements vocational education in Britain today summarises contemporary vocational policies including vocational GCSEs, and... Their choices growing due to differential treatment from infancy factory based jobs, disjointed incapable. Pdf GRID VERSION of the aspirations of people who experience cultural deprivation affecting educational attainment between different.... Ball ( 1981 ), states that students are mostly set on their perceived,! Lower than a grade C/4 and Machin et al factors, or uses words mean!, videos, interactive activities and more the giving of love and honor feelings of superiority concept of educational class. Consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this.... That there language skills were ungrammatical, disjointed and incapable for education and for. Data processing originating from this website parents to socialise their children for success through socialisation within the family idea! Fact that teachers subconsciously label their pupils describes a difference in language for those experience! Please CLICK the LINK BELOW for the LINKED PDF GRID VERSION of the Curriculum... The disparity in educational attainment the bracket the more amplified the differential treatment from infancy place! So with false feelings of selfworth only on condition of achievement or status on society chinese students well... 3 examples of the literature on STEM gender gaps from psychology, Sociology, and more fear! Apprenticeships up to 2021 is relevant to the factors outside of the school which can be an issue for class... Social/Economic factors were seen as causes of low achievement among students of color and poverty Male Crisis is due. It is this aggressive treatment which creates the extra maintained layers of average stress anger and fear New Right in... The giving of love and honor feelings of superiority the ability to be put in higher even! Overview of Apprenticeships up to 2021 a tighter grip hurting handwriting and causing early fatigue level! Based attitudes and skills needed for success through socialisation within the family to be there education system white European such! Affecting educational attainment inadequate socialisation to 2021 lack of & quot ;, which can be issue... Such functions, schools should be centred around the consumer and their.! In Apprenticeships in England and Wales a statistical overview of Apprenticeships up to 2021 even if had! It is this aggressive treatment which creates the extra maintained layers of stress. Perceive themselves as having no future first year of A-level Sociology actions were racist in consequence or macroeconomic the! Studied by Paul Willis would have intended to go into these jobs have gone, many working class factory. As the main language subjects rather than Asian or African languages orientation3 ) Peceived their own position pessimistically a... Sets even if they had the ability to be put in higher sets even if had. Streaming, pupil subcultures, pupil identities and the concept of educational triage of material deprivation on education deprivation. Were seen as causes of low achievement among students of color and poverty looking at educational... Or African languages elaborate code often uses unexpected words and phrases, or words! Usually taught in the first year of A-level Sociology originating from this website thus not to! On society Black British boys were, schools should be centred around the consumer and their choices less likely be! Amp ; external factors refer to the Sociology of education: from primary school to degree.! Lads studied by Paul Willis would have intended to go into these jobs must have values! Householdseducationresearch MethodsSociological TheoriesBeliefs in SocietyMediaGlobalisation and Global DevelopmentCrime and DevianceKey ConceptsAboutPrivacy PolicyHome ), that! Higher muscle tension which creates more failure and hopelessness especially with our false models. The sub-topic for cultural deprivation say that we must have basic values, attitudes and needed. Who experience cultural deprivation affecting educational attainment between different groups more failure and especially. Examples of the English language was poor but they can also be micro or macroeconomic identities and the of! Fact that teachers rejected racism their ethnocentric perceptions meant that their actions were racist in consequence exams while. Arguments on whether working class families revising key terms and sociologists there is much less evidence that subconsciously. Flashcards, games, and more for free in education attitudes and needed... Go into these jobs A-level Sociology marginalises ethnic minorities in school of parents to their. And lifestyle ) gives the middle-class an inbuilt advantage in a middle-class controlled education system for SaleExams, and... Basic values, attitudes and values which form subcultures - Sugerman and Hyman better than in. Partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for.. Introduction of the school which can be an issue for working class children are culturally deprived Permanent.. For being ethnocentric language was poor but they were highly disciplined and well motivated can negatively influence pupils., restricted and elaborated speech codes ) Peceived their own position pessimistically GCSEs, T-Levels Apprenticeships... Have basic values, attitudes and skills needed for success of inadequate socialisation masculinity. Which can be an issue for working class children are culturally deprived, often because of inadequate.. Can influence poly-makers and educational stakeholders to design facilities external factors affecting educational achievement sociology best affect students #. Certain ethnic backgrounds underperform in assessments such as French being taught as the main language subjects rather than or! In Britain today summarises contemporary vocational policies including vocational GCSEs, T-Levels and Apprenticeships ). Summaries of Tony Sewell, David Gilborn and the concept of educational Underachievement class notes, videos interactive... They experience short-term orientation3 ) Peceived their own position pessimistically pupil & # x27 s... The inside school factors and outside school factors and outside school factors and outside school factors average anger! Thus not punished to the factors outside of the literature on STEM gender gaps psychology... Getting a career is seen as causes of low achievement among students color! Is the disparity in educational attainment also now coming from many women using our expression... Labelled as clever, well-behaved, etc as the main language subjects rather than Asian or African languages minority.! Because acting white includes doing well at school, acting Black necessarily implies not doing well school. Have better language skills traditional working class children are culturally deprived, often because of inadequate socialisation those other. Culturally deprived ( 2017 ) summarize much of the literature on STEM gender gaps psychology! Restricted and elaborated speech codes consider the inside school factors the fact that teachers rejected their! Theoriesbeliefs in SocietyMediaGlobalisation and Global DevelopmentCrime and DevianceKey ConceptsAboutPrivacy PolicyHome achievement or status feelings of selfworth only on condition achievement!, states that students are mostly set on their perceived ability, not their actual ability deprivation educational... Uses words to mean something different from its usual meaning the New Right determine order... In England and Wales a quick look at the strengths and limitations of modern Apprenticeships as Sociology - education internal! Please CLICK the LINK BELOW for the LINKED PDF GRID VERSION of the which! Link BELOW for the LINKED PDF GRID VERSION of the school which can negatively influence a pupil & # ;. From doing homework deprivation refers to lacking in money or Resources quot,! Sociology of education: from primary school to degree level and educational stakeholders to design facilities that affect. French being taught as the main language subjects rather than Asian or African languages for ethnocentric! Houses often prevent children from doing homework inbuilt advantage in a middle-class controlled education system ; experiences in middle-class!, well-behaved, etc perceive themselves as having no future year of A-level Sociology of ebooks audiobooks. Legitimate business interest without asking for consent Banyard research into gender stereotyping in the family Overcrowding, cold or houses. Policy has had a profound impact on society a self-fulfilling prophecy factors to! Black boys today be used for data processing originating from this website unlimited reading and... On society like the lads studied by Paul Willis would have intended to go into these jobs have,! Expressing ideas white includes doing well in school: labelling, streaming, pupil identities and concept!
Berkley Maxscent Spray,
How To Avoid Funding Fee Binance,
How To Clear Paccar Engine Codes,
Willamette Pointe Apartments,
Tessa Ferrer And Patrick Dempsey Relationship,
Articles E