Antebellum PeriodAntebellum is a Latin word that means "before the war." In American history, the antebellum period refers to the years after the War of 1812 (1812-15) and before the Civil War (1861-65). The Unitarian movement spread through many of the Congregationalist churches of the area. Harriet Beacher Stowe's novel was to some extent modeled on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson. Reformers argued that education prepares youth for social and civic duties as adults. These movements were generally more active in the Northern states. Turner, who claimed to have experienced religious visions inspired by the Holy Spirit, used Biblical passages and his account of the visions to recruit more than seventy followers, both slave and free blacks, and incite rebellion. Some were subject to the iron discipline of a single leader, while other operated in a democratic fashion. Why did so many prominent white Americans, from both the North and South, support the colonization of freed slaves? Leadership and authority within the church was the exclusive domain of white men. She conducted an eighteen month study of the jails and almshouses of Massachusetts and, in 1843, made a presentation to the Massachusetts legislature, reporting that the mentally ill were housed in cages, closets, cellars and pensChained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience. A movement for change was already underway when Dix began her campaign for reform; for instance, Quakers had already founded several asylums for treatment. The Unitarian church was most popular in New England and was centered in Boston. \quad\text{Total Expenses}&& \$11,720,000\\ Learn about temperance and abolition and . The Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. You should study the financial statements before responding to these questions and problems. Some of this came from a lack of understanding; in other cases, it was overt prejudice. \text{Basic Earnings per Common Share (Based on 1,600,000} \\ The antebellum period of America was an era of change. \text{Chicago Finance Corporation (40\\\% Owned)}& \$ 4,000,000 &\$ 2,200,000\\ The Grimk sisters were one example of the overlap in the reformist impulse between abolitionism and womens rights. In New England, the movements call to seek perfection in oneself and the world inspired a wave of social activism, including reform movements in abolition, temperance movements, womens rights, and education. \text{Advances from Customers}& 640,000 &660,000\\ - common school and institutions were open to all children (free training for individuals). He ended his appeal by writing, I will not equivocate- I will not excuse- I will not retreat a single inch- and I will be heard. Along with an immediate end to slavery, Garrison also espoused racial equality as an absolute necessity to ending the institution without massive bloodshed. Required Smith described Moroni as a son of the prophet Mormon and the last of the Nephites, descendants of Hebrews who had travelled to the Americas sometime around 500 BCE. Afterward, the rebels would flee to the newly-freed nation of Haiti. The response to these conditions was the 1826 creation of the American Temperance Society in Boston, Massachusetts. \text{Equipment Mortgage Indebtedness}& 332,000 &1,300,000\\ The movement experienced what became to be known as the Great Disappointment when the morning of October 23 arrived rather than Jesus. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.03%253A_American_Antebellum_Reform, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Abolitionism and the Womens Rights Movements, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Consider the following sample data. No Preference Antebellum Reform Americans after 1815 embraced many religios and social movements in pursuit of solutions for the problems, evils, and misfortunes of mankind. \textbf{Intangibles (at Net Carrying Value)}\\ David Walker, an African American abolitionist, called for a unified global black voice against slavery in his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. "Big R" reform is hard to do and there are few examples of success in developing countries so far. Fifty-five slaves were tried for insurrection, murder, and treason. Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. In part, this was achieved by a certain theatricality of preaching. Many of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself. Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. \text{LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY}\\ In every state, laws restricted the political and civil liberties of free African Americans. One of the most prominent abolitionists of the era was William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. The colonizationist scheme of the early 1800s proved to be popular among black abolitionists. Over the next two days, the insurrectionists killed some sixty white men, women, and children. Do not delete this text first. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. \text{Certificate of Deposit}& 225,000& \\ However, there were limits to spiritual equality; although all were spiritually equal in the eyes of God, for many believers, African Americans and women were still inferior to white men in all other ways. "Neither a Slave nor a King" intervenes in the scholarly debate over the "antislavery origins" of the sectional crisis in antebellum America - how the rise of a northern antislavery movement escalated the sectional tensions that led to southern secession and the Civil War. \text{Equity in Earnings of Affiliates:}\\ Twenty years later in Charleston, South Carolina, lay-preacher Denmark Vesey led a similar conspiracy to incite rebellion. \text{Gain on Sale of Machinery and Equipment}&& 200,000\\ Antebellum Convention Movement The antebellum convention movement consisted of a series of national, regional, and state conventions held by blacks in North America on an irregular basis from 1830 to 1861. Whiskey was a frontier staple for generations because it preserved the harvest; in 1791, a Hamiltonian attempt to tax whiskey to alleviate the national debt resulted in the Whiskey Rebellion. They believed that social deviants, including criminals and debtors, could be reformed and morally redeemed. Evangelical Christianity was certainly the most powerful religious movement in the antebellum United States, but it was not the only one. \quad\text{Total Shareholders Equity}& \$11,000,000 &\$ 7,800,000\\ Often, white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their abolitionist efforts. The Second Great Awakening began in the 1790s and, by the 1820s, had emerged as a major religious movement. Eventually, however, he was captured, tried, and executed. Much of this perception stems from the Cult of Domesticity. The temperance movement served as another outlet for the reforming impulses of women in the wake of the Second Great Awakening. In particular, English abolitionists were outspoken and powerful in effecting change in the British global empire. Although neither group saw their causes ultimate goals achieved during the era of reform, each movement saw great advances. The book reports that there, Jesus visited the Nephites after his crucifixion and resurrection. It declared that all men and women are created equal, and went on to list the repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women, including that He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice, and He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. The Declaration of Sentiments formed the basis of the goals of the womens rights movement that lasted throughout the rest of the century. The idea that social ills once considered incurable could in fact be eliminated. This page titled 13.3: American Antebellum Reform is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter (GALILEO Open Learning Materials) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. The Unitarian church shared the optimism of the Second Great Awakening. Reformers worked to create public institutions to deal with the social problems. \text{Income TaxesDeferred}&& 170,000\\ We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed and allow to in the country" ( Foner, Eric. Prisons existed not to rehabilitate criminals for their eventual return to society but to house them until the time that they would be punished, most often by fines, public whipping, or execution, also a public spectacle. - challenged white Americans to face up to the reality that men and women no different form themselves were being held in bondage. They were inspired in part by the success of British abolitionists. The region of western and central New York where Finney was most active became the site of intensive religious fervor and reform. Mainly, it had drastically weakened the ties that bound . The first, in which . (People to know). He planned his revivals in great detail as a kind of popular spectacle as well as an event that inspired religious reform. What is its accounts receivable turnover? \text{Bonds Payable}& \$ 3,648,000 &\$ 3,600,000\\ What is your opinion on this question: "Should the national government distribute money to states with "no strings attached," or should the grant have stipulations?" \quad\text{Total Current Assets}& \$ 2,925,000 &\$ 2,400,000\\ This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakening's basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. When women joined in the abolition movement arguments, they began to realize and become concerned over their own rights. preconceived, presentist, and erroneous assumptions, neglecting to see the degree to which the past is truly diff erent from the present. Two of the leading figures of the womens rights movement met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and gambling. \textbf{Shareholders Equity}\\ In 1837, Angelina wrote to William Lloyd Garrisons The Liberator. d. 12.0012.0012.00 The early nineteenth century was a time of great reform in the United States. For the urban poor, a very few were able to attend private charitable schools. It's was the best answer at the time for white Americans. In 1821, the ACS helped to establish the colony of Liberia on the west coast of Africa and assisted some 13,000 slaves and free blacks to emigrate to the colony. Before the nineteenth century, crime, poverty, and mental illness in America were handled through family and voluntary efforts. Old patterns were breaking down, and many felt that the country had become a moral vacuum. Urbanization and immigration also provided a new concentration of the poor. \quad\text{Total Long-Term Debt}& \$ 5,000,000&\$ 6,000,000\\ The emerging American middle class participated in reform not only for religious reasons, but also to confirm their new social status. Throughout the country, preachers like Peter Cartwright and Charles Grandison Finney created such excitement with their sermons that their audiences became excessive and downright wild. All true Christians, according to Finney, should aim at being holy and not rest satisfied till they are as perfect as God. The religious music and hymns written during the era also helped draw crowds to the revivals; they appealed the common individual by using familiar melodies from popular music and featured folk instruments that many could play, such as the fiddle. In 1816, proponents of colonization of freed slaves founded this society, which promoted the gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa. The bonds between British and American reformers can be traced throughout the many social improvement projects of the nineteenth century. The Antebellum Era was the first of four major reform periods in American history. By the end of the meeting, a plan emerged to march on the city of Richmond on August 30, 1800, seizing the capitol and capturing the governor. The end of slavery would come about gradually under this ideal. The American relationship with alcohol was not an issue that was resolved in the era of reform. The abolitionist emblem - a portrait of a slave in chains coupled with the motto "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" Saw both individuals and society at large as capable of indefinite improvement. Sold more than 1 million copies by 1854 and it also inspired numerous stage versions. The abolitionist sentiment was also present in the South. Why? The influence of reason and rational thought is most clearly expressed in what religious tradition? The reform impulse was not solely confined to the United States; Europeans were also in the midst of their own reform efforts. Teachers tend to be so . The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. During this same period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than imprisoning them. Like the other evangelical movements of the Second Great Awakening, they stressed adult baptism as an important step to salvation. Transatlantic cooperation galvanized efforts to reform individuals' and societies' relationships to alcohol, labor, religion, education, commerce, and land ownership. Angelina later married Theodore Dwight Weld, a prominent abolitionist preacher. In the early nineteenth century, the United States was becoming a more diverse nation; the new varieties of Protestantism were one reflection of this change. Consolidated Balance Sheets \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2012}&& 2,800,000\\ Over the course of the next thirty years, Dix worked to help found thirty-two mental hospitals in the United States and abroad. Others sought to build and improve public and state institutions such as prisons, asylums, and schools. The antebellum reform movements were based in a network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations. Calvinism, which taught that only an elect few Christians would be saved, lost much of its appeal; Americans instead turned to a relatively new kind of Christianity, evangelicalism. 2. Public education proved to be most accessible in the more urbanized northeast; in the rural, more agricultural regions of the south and west, school reform was not as effectively implemented. Although neither group saw their causes ultimate goals achieved during the era of reform, each movement saw great advances. The Grimk sisters, Sarah and Angelina, spoke out against the system of slavery in many forums. (Problem 10), REVENUESSales$13,920,000GainonSaleofMachineryandEquipment200,000EquityinEarningsofAffiliates:ChicagoFinanceCorporation$1,800,000RosenwaldCompany125,000HutchinsonCompany75,0002,000,000TotalRevenues$16,120,000EXPENSESCostofGoodsSold$5,000,000EmployeePayrollExpense3,000,000DepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortizationofLeasedPropertyRights1,000,000AmortizationofPatent125,000BadDebtExpense120,000InterestExpense455,000GeneralCorporateExpenses420,000IncomeTaxesCurrent1,430,000IncomeTaxesDeferred170,000TotalExpenses$11,720,000NetIncome$4,400,000Less:DividendsonPreferredShares(120,000)DividendsonCommonShares(2,080,000)IncreaseinRetainedEarnings$2,200,000RetainedEarnings,December31,20122,800,000RetainedEarnings,December31,2013$5,000,000BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000AverageSharesOutstanding)$2.68DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionofPreferredStock)$2.20\begin{array}{lrr} Legal. Questions relating to the financial statements of Chicago Corporation follow. - antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them - for the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited Students also viewed Chapter 12 questions 10 terms emaust Finally, asylums were established for treatment and housing the mentally ill. Dorothea Lynde Dix was instrumental in the reform effort that established state mental asylums. This is especially true of the Baptist church; independent black congregations were founded all over the South. Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. There, the convention refused to seat the American female delegates. \text{Sales}&& \$13,920,000\\ In many cases, within the Garrisonian movement in particular, the role of the black speaker or the black writer or the black abolitionist was, in some ways, prescribed, as the famous case of Frederick Douglass' relationship with the Garrisionians. Gabriels brother, Martin, was recognized by the local black community as a lay-preacher. In some instances, whites and blacks had separate, adjacent meetings; in others, they attended the same camp meeting, but slaves were in segregated seating. This area came to be called the Burned-Over District due to the fires of religious zeal that had burned so bright that it consumed all available spiritual fuel in the region. Channings 1819 Unitarian Christianity sermon, which outlined many of the core beliefs of the new American sect, such as a belief in human goodness and rejection of the Trinity, inspired many churches to adopt Unitarianism. ), { "13.01:_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.02:_Cultural_Movements-_Transcendentalism_Utopian_Communities_and_the_Cult_of_Domesticity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.03:_American_Antebellum_Reform" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.04:_Conclusion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.05:_Critical_Thinking_Exercises" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.06:_Key_Terms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.07:_Chronology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_United_States_History_Before_Columbus" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_The_Global_Context_-_Asia_Europe_and_Africa_in_the_Early_Modern_Era" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Initial_Contact_and_Conquest" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_The_Establishment_of_English_Colonies_Before_1642_and_Their_Development_Through_the_Late_Seventeenth_Century" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_English_Colonization_After_1660" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Growing_Pains_in_the_Colonies" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_The_Road_to_Revolution_(1754-1775)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_The_American_Revolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Articles_of_Confederation_and_the_Constitution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_The_Federalist_Era" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_The_Early_Republic" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Jacksonian_America_(1815-1840)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Westward_Expansion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_The_Impending_Crisis_(1848-1861)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_The_Civil_War" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Reconstruction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 13.1: Religious Reforms in the Antebellum United States, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no", "authorname:locks", "Second Great Awakening", "The Confessions of Nat Turner", "Mormonism", "Evangelism", "Burned-Over District", "Unitarianism", "program:galileo", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/" ], https://human.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FHistory%2FNational_History%2FBook%253A_United_States_History_to_1877_(Locks_et_al. Add texts here. In western New York, revival movements inspired many new religious sects as well as social reform. The plot was foiled when word of the conspirators plans were leaked; Vesey and thirty-four others were hanged, and thirty-seven more were exiled from the city as a result. If they openly challenged the institution of slavery, slave owners would not allow their slaves to attend revival meetings or to hear the message. \text{Less: Dividends on Preferred Shares}&&(120,000)\\ Perhaps unsurprisingly, as the message changed to reflect the prevailing ideas of the elite, the movement became more popular in the South as slave owners not only attended meetings themselves, but allowed and even encouraged the attendance of the slave population. \text{Goodwill}& 1,125,000& 1,125,000\\ A Pew Research Center survey asked respondents if they would rather live in a place with a slower pace of life or a place with a faster pace of life. Explain in your own words the significance of writing a bad check. \text{Cash}& \$ 100,000 &\$ 200,000\\ The Seneca Falls Convention was an important beginning to the womens rights movement and became the basis for the organization of annual conventions to support and develop the movement in years to come. Born into slavery in Maryland in 1819, he escaped from slavery as a young man and spent the rest of his life devoting himself to the cause of freedom for all. Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. For some, the issue initially boiled down to access to the slave population and the ability to bring the message to a wider audience. \text{Net Income}&& \$ 4,400,000\\ \quad\text{Dividends on Common Shares}&& (2,080,000)\\ )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.01%253A_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Second Great Awakening in the South and in Appalachia, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. 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