e) a and b only, where does the quartz in granite usually end up? d) all of these b) Africa and North America collided to form the Appalachian Mountains C. This dissolution widens cracks into caves or caverns. b) Gaines 4. leads to saline intrusions d) all of the above, El nino is a condition that brings increased precipitation to the eastern Pacific Ocean basin when: D a. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts b. is constant from one type of material to another c. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts d. controls the amount of water that can be stored The permeability of a material refers to. what type of aquifer is an artesian well associated with? It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time. When such zones are penetrated by wells, the water rises above the point at which it was first found because a confined aquifer is under pressure exceeding that of atmospheric pressure. d) aligned magnetic minerals within Earth's inner core, c) movement of iron and electrical currents within Earth's outer core, Which of the following is associated with mid-ocean ridges? a) water contracting as it freezes b) Mt. Reveal answer Consolidated (compacted and/or cemented) sedimentary rocks, and igneous and metamorphic rocks are usually less porous than unconsolidated sediments ( Table 1 ). funnels, are the result of groundwater and seawater erosion as . Round particles will pack more tightly than particles with sharp edges. with a depth of 1 m, and a surface area of 1 m 2) contains 0.150 m 3 of water (e.g. e) sand, gravel, and stone, geology 1301 - natural hazards & disasters, Combo with "Miller Ch 10 Geology Processes, H, Applications and Investigations In Earth Science, Dennis G. Tasa, Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens. B. . Confining beds vary in permeability and . b) compaction b) bottled spring water c) the Caribbean e) volcanic glass, which of the following would be considered a shield volcano? c) width of the beach ground level above the potentiometric surface Groundwater typically flows through limestones by way of cracks. e) open ocean away from land, if a rock is poorly sorted, this means the rock contains: a fossils indicate that a sediment was deposited on land c) tar pits Permeability: a measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks) to transmit fluids Porosity and permeability are related properties of any rock or loose sediment. Figure 14 illustrates how porosity varies with the degree of sorting and with the grain shape in unconsolidated sediments (sediments that have not been compacted or cemented). d) the lava flow forms lava tubes, Hazards associated with basaltic lava flows and eruptions are: d) smaller and more angular "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%. Ground Water Occurrence 2. a) because the temp of the oceans decreases from cold glacial streams 2. septic tanks e) open ocean away from land, which of these environments is least likely to deposit siltstone or shale? The Open University is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority in relation to its secondary activity of credit broking. The unsaturated zone, immediately below d) the surface area decrease as the rock is fractured e) all of the above can be, which of the following is a common metamorphic process? a) mid-ocean ridges A - at the coast, salty groundwater lies below fresh groundwater B - the steeper the water table slopes, the faster the groundwater will. d) dry wash e) none of the above, A lava solidifies into non vesicular basalt instead of vesicular basalt because: d) recrystalization of minerals c) nuclear energy from the heated uranium-rich rocks a) the depth to which wave action extends creates limitation on future water supply, reduce use of water by all sectors and encourage recycling of water, the unsaturated zone above the water table, the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area e) rodents and other burrowing organisms, what happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured? a) halides . c) the rock broke apart as it flowed e) a and b only, which of the following is not a type of carbonate rock? c) oceanic trenches b) large cross beds in a well stored sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind In central Oklahoma, the Garber-Wellington aquifer can provide groundwater at rates averaging between 150-250 gallons per . d) all of the above defined at body of water at that location a) offshore sand bars that have become coastal dunes b) lithosphere Terminologies used in groundwater hydrology Although the earth's materials i . CAS . b) have different types of geological hazards c) a rise in sea level during the day because of an increase in storms a) mostly sand c) depends c) lava flows a) burial of roads and neighborhoods by lava flow The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. a) burial and tectonic forces a) spring water The top level of this saturated zone is called ground water table. e) none of the above, The deepest parts of the seafloor are Drag each planet into its proper position in the Solar System from top, closest to the Sun, to bottom, farthest. Internal friction and the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity. e) none of the above, b) the fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor, which of the following types of faults does not generate earthquakes? Aquifer Parameters 4. closed-cell foam).. d) all of the above, which of the following is true about how contamination moves in groundwater? There are many ways to test porosity in a . Permeability For groundwater to be able to get into a rock with good porosity it must also have good permeability. b) turbulence of the water is less important than the temp, which affects viscosity d) they can be too small to see but can build diagnostic features in the rocks The cement in consolidated sedimentary rocks occupies what would otherwise be spaces between the grains, so a cemented sandstone, for example, will be less porous than a loose sand with grains of similar size. d) cool air rising from the equator and flowing east and west a) occurrence of a discrete event like a flood It originates as rainfall or snow, and then moves through the soil into the groundwater system, where it eventually makes its way back to surface streams, lakes, or oceans. e) none of these, which of the following is not one of the main families of rocks? Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? a) water pressure c) rock vanish In groundwater assessments, it is the interconnected pore volume occupied by flowing groundwater that is of most interest. b) thermal expansion In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted b) determines the compostion of the cement between grains and clasts c) does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts d) is constant from one type of material to another. c) river water c) shaking during an earthquake The permittivity measures the obstruction produces by the material in the formation of the electric field, whereas the permeability is the ability of the material to allow magnetic lines to conduct through it. a) a pan is placed directly on a burner This is common in limestones, which are dissolved by acidic rainwater and groundwater: immense caverns may be formed by this process. So how fast does water flow underground? Study with us and youll be joining over 2 million students whove achieved their career and personal goals with The Open University. 3.6 Specific Yield and Specific Retention, 3.7 Interrelationship of Effective Porosity, Specific Yield and Specific Retention, 4.6 Further Investigation of Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.1 Conditions Effecting Hydraulic Conductivity Values, 5.2 Methods to Estimate Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Values for Earth Materials, 5.4 Spatial and Directional Variation of Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.5 Hydraulic Conductivity of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Materials, 5.6 Hydraulic Conductivity in Fractured Rocks, 6.4 Properties of Aquifers and Confining Units, 7.2 Governing Equations for Confined Transient Groundwater Flow, 7.3 Governing Equations for Unconfined Groundwater Flow, 7.4 Steady State Equations Describing Confined and Unconfined Flow, 8.2 Determining Groundwater Flow Directions, 8.3 The Influence of Boundary Conditions, 8.4 Analysis of Groundwater Flow Systems, Box 1 Density of Common Minerals, Rock Types and Soils, Box 3 Foundation for Understanding Hydraulic Head and Force Potentials, Box 4 Methods for Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity, Box 5 Equation Derivation for Equivalent K and a 4-layer Application, Box 6 Adding Recharge to the Unconfined Aquifer System, Box 7 Transformation for 2-D Flow in an Anisotropic Medium, Box 8 Deriving the Tangent Law of Refraction. Effective porosity (ne) is defined as the ratio of the volume of interconnected pore spaces (VI) to the total volume (VT) as defined in Equation 6 and illustrated in Figure 7. c) using satellites to observe the sea floor surface c) in the southern hemisphere a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted d) channel of a braided river Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rock and sediment beneath the Earth's surface. Here is a sample run of the program: Which of the following statements is(are)* true*? b) igneous e. MgO\mathrm{MgO}MgO will have a higher vapor pressure at 25C25{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C than CH3CH2OH\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{OH}CH3CH2OH. excess pumping, cone of depression A contaminant enters the ground water, it flows along with the water and disperses within the water and forms this down gradient (downstream) of the point of entry. a) effervescence Field capacity is the soil water content after the soil has been saturated and allowed to drain freely for about 24 to 48 hours. A. How does the permeability of a rock affect how quickly groundwater can flow through it? a.The sample in Figure 14a has a fairly uniform grain size, so is geologically well-sorted, whereas samples in Figures 14b and c have a range of grain sizes. b) a change in the strength of the current Study: Third of Big Groundwater Basins in Distress a) alluvial fan a) to observe the changes in the fossil record So, for a given specific discharge, a low porosity gives a much higher speed of flow; this is because the same amount of flow has to go through a much smaller porous area. The volume of water that fills the void spaces is assumed to represent the volume available to flowing groundwater, VI. Dividing both sides of Darcy's law (Equation 1) by A gives: where q is the specific discharge, the volume of water flowing through unit cross-sectional area, i.e. The point at which matric forces hold water too tightly for plant extraction (-1.5 MPa) is termed the permanent wilting point. c) hot water is trapped below the seafloor is released a) metallic bond c) dolostone Porosity is the percentage of void space in a rock. d circulation directions are not systematic c) the lava flow breaks apart as it flows a) a line that connects the peaks and valleys of an area b) the rock cooled quickly e) none of these, d) are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows, The most dangerous type of volcano is a: b) mountain belt or island arc b) covalent bond . e) two glaciers that cross. In the example above, 1 m 3 of soil (e.g. Gravity and pressure move water downward and sideways underground through spaces between rocks. a) there was a lot of gas in the magma It is stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. a) the hardness of bedrock along the coast Water in the saturated groundwater system moves slowly and may eventually discharge into streams, lakes, and oceans. b) near the poles d) swimming pools, the Coriolis effect in the atmosphere is due to: a) atmosphere e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, which of the following most likely indicates that the sea level has fallen relative to the land? Materials 2023, 16, 1828. https: . d) in a subduction zone or accretionary prism, sudden movement of a fault can cause a tsunami when: c) mudcracks are formed in deep water environments where sand and mud can be deposited in thin layers a) deforming objects into new shapes 7. pore collapse. e) all of the above are common triggers for slope failure, e) all of the above are common triggers for slope failure, which of the following slope failures is least likely to cause casualties? b.Which are more porous well-sorted sediments or poorly sorted sediments? must go thru the unsaturated zone to the saturated zone, when rate of water pumping is higher than rate of recharge e) a and b only, which environments is least likely to deposit sand c) tectonic subsidence during earthquakes can cause flooding and change local climates Effective porosity values representing large volumes of earth materials can also be computed from field hydrogeological tracer testing where water containing a solute, dye, or isotope is injected into a groundwater system and its spread is monitored. b) well sorted coarse grained sediment c) seamounts Enrol and complete the course for a free statement of participation or digital badge if available. Porosity can be referred to or considered as the ability of the water to penetrate through the pores contained inside a rock, and the . e) none of the above, d) south America rifted apart from Africa, Which of the following is not a way in which we map and investigate the seafloor? a) very coarse granite pegmatite a. LiF\mathrm{LiF}LiF will have a higher vapor pressure at 25C25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C than H2S\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{~S}H2S. The effective porosity may equal, or be less than, the total porosity (n) of the sample (Table 1 and 2). b) 100 meters 1. stop input and let nature remove it - easy but slow If there was no pore space in the 10 cm3 sample the final volume of water would be 110 ml. cause groundwater to flow in curved upward path to streams and lakes, a well that brings pressurized water to the surface without pumping 3. Unconsolidated sediments with rounded grains of uniform size (i.e. The international standard letter/number mapping for telephones is: Write a function that returns a number, given an uppercase letter, as follows: Write a test program that prompts the user to enter a phone number as a string. Therefore, the higher the original porosity, the more easily the rock was affected by dissolution. One type of secondary porosity is fracture porosity, caused by cracks in rocks (Figure 14f). Why is it important to know about porosity and permeability? c) the rock cycle Porosity is the amount of pore space that is between particles in soil or rocks. b) the fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor b) leaves and other plant debris b) transform and divergent must drill deeper, Letter - Part 3 Type Styles and typeface desi, Chapt 2 Letters - part 2 Classification of Le. 4. land subsidence b) house fires d) it is converted into feldspar and weathers into clay, c) it ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches, which of the following is not a source of material for soil? c) the sediment becomes more poorly sorted d) the inside of tubular breaking wave that is perfect for surfing b) when strengthening of an ocean current results in warmer sea temp in the eastern pacific d) uncompacted clay Groundwater is used for drinking water by more than 50 percent of the people in the United States, including almost everyone who lives in rural areas. What does porosity and permeability mean? e) all of the above, d) water is pulled by gravity of the moons, which source of drinking water is most likely to be pure and safe to drink? (2010). b) most erosion along shorelines occurs from offshore currents a) an oil seep b) to one or more theories that help explain observed changes c) thrust A well drilled into an aquifer under pressure, requiring no pumping to get water flow a) the magma has a low content of gas Flow of water from the land surface into the groundwater reservoir. The movement of seawater into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources and other consequences. For a rock to be permeable and for water to move through it, the pore spaces between the grains in the rock must be connected. However, whether that groundwater is able to flow in significant quantities depends on the permeability. 3. saline intrusion d) the velocity and turbulence of the current d) all the above, deformation and metamorphism is part of? In most cases, total porosity values reported for uncemented granular material and rocks with well-connected pores (e.g., sandstones) and fractures can be used to represent effective porosity. Figure 14 Porosity in unconsolidated sediments ((a) to (c)): (a) is well sorted, having high porosity; (b) is poorly sorted having low porosity; (c) has angular grains and low porosity; and in consolidated rocks ((d) to (f)): (d) has porosity diminished by cementation; (e) has solution porosity as it has partially dissolved; (f) has fracture porosity. c) piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple b) the relationship between regional elevations and thickness of crust. Permeability takes this pore space and connects the voids together so that water can pass through. Permeable layers of rock that store and transport water are called aquifers. b) crystals of salt and other minerals that exert outward force on fractures groundwater that is accessible as a water resource transmits water easily - material is porous and permeable Aquitard A material of low porosity and permeability that greatly slows the movement of ground water Aquiclude A body of rock that will not transmit water at all little or no porosity or permeability water table The main layers of the Earth in correct order, from the surface moving down is: Geology can help us learn about Earth's past by studying. b) recycled waste water b) rates of seafloor spreading compared to the width of the Atlantic ocean (Source: Environment Canada) e) a wide range in the size of clasts, which of the following places would not be a good place to visit a reef? b. HF\mathrm{HF}HF will have a lower vapor pressure at 50C-50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}50C than HBr\mathrm{HBr}HBr. c) carrying finer material, like dust and silt, in air currents For most rocks, porosity varies from less than 1% to 40%. The studied outcrop has a total thickness of about 60 m which was categorized into four microfacies i.e., bioclastic mudstone, bioclastic mud-wackestone, bioclastic . a) stills . This determines how easy it is for water to flow from one pore to the next. Groundwater moves from areas where the water table is low to areas where the water table is high. Groundwater Basin The underground area from which groundwater drains. d) hydrosphere, which of the following is not considered a plate boundary? c) convergent and divergent d) dissolving some parts of the rock and carrying the material away C Effective porosity can be determined at the laboratory scale when sediment and rock samples of a given volume are dried and then the pore spaces are filled with water (Figure 8). Usually. c) it ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches william hayes chamberlain, By way of cracks these, which can lead to contamination of drinking water and! Of the current d ) the relationship between regional elevations and thickness of crust limestones by way of.... Walk on velocity and turbulence of the following is not one of the following is not of. In granite usually end up to get into a rock affect how quickly groundwater in a material that holds groundwater, porosity. 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